本文将带您了解关于使用Python创建3D数组的新内容，同时我们还将为您解释python创建三维数组的相关知识，另外，我们还将为您提供关于Mapnik教程－使用Python创建地图、python–2D

本文将带您了解关于使用Python创建3D数组的新内容，同时我们还将为您解释python创建三维数组的相关知识，另外，我们还将为您提供关于Mapnik教程－使用Python创建地图、python – 2D数组每列的外积,形成一个3D数组 – NumPy、python – Numpy 3d数组映射操作、python – 从numpy中的(n)D数组中选择(n-1)D数组的实用信息。

• 使用Python创建3D数组（python创建三维数组）
• Mapnik教程－使用Python创建地图
• python – 2D数组每列的外积,形成一个3D数组 – NumPy
• python – Numpy 3d数组映射操作
• python – 从numpy中的(n)D数组中选择(n-1)D数组

使用Python创建3D数组（python创建三维数组）

distance[i][j][k]

distance = [[[]*n]*n]

Mapnik教程－使用Python创建地图

Mapnik教程－使用Python创建地图

Tutorial 1 -- Getting started in Python

Overview

This tutorial will ensure that Mapnik and its Python bindings are properly installed and introduce you to some of the basic programming concepts for Mapnik.

Step 1: check installation

Make sure you have mapnik installed. You should be able to open a terminal and type:

mapnik-config -v # should return a version number.

This tutorial expects Mapnik 2.x or greater. Older versions do not provide the mapnik-config program, so we recommend upgrading.

Please note that if you are using mapnik 2.0.0 then you will need to adjust the "mapnik" module name to "mapnik2" in the Python commands. Refer to mapnik2 for details of the naming convention.

Please also note that unlike Mapnik 2.x, version 3.x does not include Python bindings anymore. You can find the new Python bindings here.

Next test the Python bindings. You should be able to open a terminal and type:

python -c "import mapnik;print mapnik.__file__" # should return the path to the python bindings and no errors

If the above does not work (e.g. throws an ImportError) then please go back and ensure Mapnik is properly installed. If you need help, sign up for the mailing list to ask questions or join the #mapnik room on freenode IRC

Step 2

Now, we need some data to render. Let''s use a shapefile of world border polygons from http://naturalearthdata.com. Download the data from this wiki''s local cache here or directly from the Natural Earth Data site. Unzip the archive in an easily accessible location of your choosing. In Step 3 we will be referencing the path to this shapefile in Python code, so make sure you know where you put it.

Once unzipped, you should see four files like:

ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp
ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shx
ne_110m_admin_0_countries.dbf
ne_110m_admin_0_countries.prj

To download and unzip on the command line with the do:

wget https://github.com/mapnik/mapnik/wiki/data/110m-admin-0-countries.zip
unzip 110m-admin-0-countries.zip # creates ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp

Step 3

Now we''re going to program in Python and Mapnik, using sample code and the Python interpreter.

The idea here is not that you have to interact with Mapnik via Python, but that this is a good way to build foundational skills for how Mapnik works.

So, let''s begin! Open a Python interpreter simply by typing in your terminal:

python

The code below can be pasted into your interpreter. Ideally paste line by line so you can confirm each step is working. The commented lines (#) should be able to be pasted without trouble, but depending on your interpreter setting may cause errors.

Import Mapnik

Import the Mapnik Python bindings:

import mapnik

Create a Map

m = mapnik.Map(600,300) # create a map with a given width and height in pixels# note: m.srs will default to ''+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs''# the ''map.srs'' is the target projection of the map and can be whatever you wish m.background = mapnik.Color(''steelblue'') # set background colour to ''steelblue''.

Create a Style

Create the Styles which determines how the data is rendered:

s = mapnik.Style() # style object to hold rulesr = mapnik.Rule() # rule object to hold symbolizers# to fill a polygon we create a PolygonSymbolizerpolygon_symbolizer = mapnik.PolygonSymbolizer(mapnik.Color(''#f2eff9''))
r.symbols.append(polygon_symbolizer) # add the symbolizer to the rule object# to add outlines to a polygon we create a LineSymbolizerline_symbolizer = mapnik.LineSymbolizer(mapnik.Color(''rgb(50%,50%,50%)''),0.1)
r.symbols.append(line_symbolizer) # add the symbolizer to the rule objects.rules.append(r) # now add the rule to the style and we''re done

And add the Style to the Map:

m.append_style(''My Style'',s) # Styles are given names only as they are applied to the map

Create a Datasource

In Step 2 above you should have downloaded a sample shapefile of polygons of world countries. We are now going to load that into a mapnik.Datasource object in Python.

If your Python interpreter was launched from the same directory as you downloaded the natural earth shapefile to you should be able to use a relative path to create the datasource like:

ds = mapnik.Shapefile(file=''ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp'')

Otherwise use an absolute path (exchanging /Users/dane/Downloads/ for the correct path on your machine):

ds = mapnik.Shapefile(file=''/Users/dane/Downloads/ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp'')

Note: optionally (to learn about your data) you can call the envelope() function off the datasource object to see the full coordinate bounds of the data:

>>> ds.envelope()
Box2d(-180.0,-90.0,180.0,83.64513)

That shows the minx, miny, maxx, and maxy of the data. Because the above coordinates are between -180 and 180 for the x or longitude values and -90 and 90 for the y or latitude values we know this data is in geographic coordinates and uses degrees for units - a pretty good indication this is WGS84 (aka EPSG:4326). This specific shapefile also stores this projection information as a WKT string in the ne_110m_admin_0_countries.prj file. See the layer.srs value below for why this matters.

Create a Layer

Mapnik Layers are basically containers around datasources, that store useful properties. Lets now create a Layer object and add the datasource to it.

layer = mapnik.Layer(''world'') # new layer called ''world'' (we could name it anything)# note: layer.srs will default to ''+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs''

Note: the ''layer.srs'' is the source projection of the Datasource and must match the projection of the coordinates of that data or else your map will likely be blank. Mapnik uses Proj.4 strings to specify the spatial references system. In this case, the default srs Mapnik assumes (+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs) happens to match the projection of the data. When this is not the case you must set the layer.srs to the correct value (which is beyond the scope of this tutorial).

Now attach the datasource to the layer, and reference:

layer.datasource = ds

Lastly, we need to make sure the style we created above (and attached to the map) is also applied to the layer, by its string reference:

layer.styles.append(''My Style'')

Prepare the Map for rendering

This step is critical. Finally add the layer to the map and zoom to the full extent of the data layer (using zoom_all which will calculate the cumulative extent of all layers attached to the map). If you do not zoom the Map to the extent of the layer(s), then the rendered output will be blank.

m.layers.append(layer)
m.zoom_all()

Render your map

Finish up by rendering your map image:

# Write the data to a png image called world.png in the current directorymapnik.render_to_file(m,''world.png'', ''png'')# Exit the Python interpreterexit() # or ctrl-d

Then back in your normal shell type:

# On a macopen world.png# On windowsstart world.png

Or navigate to your base directory and open world.png and the result should look like this: ![world.png]

Step 4

The next logical step is to run that same code all at once as a Python script from your shell/terminal (rather than pasted into the Python interpreter line-by-line). This way you will be able to modify and experiment with the settings, then simply re-run the script.

So, create a blank text file called world.py.

Make it executable:

chmod +x world.py

Then add a line at the top of the script like:

#!/usr/bin/env python

Finally, append the entire text below and save the file.

import mapnik
m = mapnik.Map(600,300)
m.background = mapnik.Color(''steelblue'')
s = mapnik.Style()
r = mapnik.Rule()
polygon_symbolizer = mapnik.PolygonSymbolizer(mapnik.Color(''#f2eff9''))
r.symbols.append(polygon_symbolizer)
line_symbolizer = mapnik.LineSymbolizer(mapnik.Color(''rgb(50%,50%,50%)''),0.1)
r.symbols.append(line_symbolizer)
s.rules.append(r)
m.append_style(''My Style'',s)
ds = mapnik.Shapefile(file=''ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp'')
layer = mapnik.Layer(''world'')
layer.datasource = ds
layer.styles.append(''My Style'')
m.layers.append(layer)
m.zoom_all()
mapnik.render_to_file(m,''world.png'', ''png'')print "rendered image to ''world.png''"

• Don''t forget to ensure the correct path to your ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp shapefile.

• Mapnik accepts both the absolute path to your data as well as the relative path (Same goes for the path to where you want to save your file)

Finally run the script with the command:

./world.py # You must be in the same directory as you saved the script

• Note: if you re-run this script it will will re-write over the world.png map.

• Now you can easily open the script in a separate text editor and try changing the dimensions, colors, or datasource (remember to use the correct srs if you change the datasource).

python – 2D数组每列的外积,形成一个3D数组 – NumPy

X.T[:,:,None]*X.T[:,None]

(X[:,None,:]*X).swapaxes(0,2)

(X[:,:]*X).T

np.einsum('ij,kj->jik',X,X)

python – Numpy 3d数组映射操作

for x in xrange(height):
    for y in xrange(weight):
          img[x,y] = mat_1 * img[x,y]

yuv_image = np.einsum(''kl,ijl->ijk'',transformation_matrix,rgb_image)

>>> rgb_image = np.random.rand(2*4*3).reshape(2,4,3)
>>> transformation_matrix = np.random.rand(9).reshape(3,3)
>>> z = np.empty_like(rgb_image)
>>> for x in range(rgb_image.shape[0]):
...     for y in range(rgb_image.shape[1]):
...         z[x,y] = np.dot(transformation_matrix,rgb_image[x,y,:])
...
>>> np.allclose(z,np.einsum(''kl,rgb_image))
True

python – 从numpy中的(n)D数组中选择(n-1)D数组

def get_face(M,dim,front_side):
    if front_side:
        side = 0
    else:
        side = -1
    index = tuple(side if i == dim else slice(None) for i in range(M.ndim))
    return M[index]

def add_face(M,new_face,front_side):
    #assume sizes match up correctly
    if front_side:
        return np.concatenate((new_face,M),dim)
    else:
        return np.concatenate((M,new_face),dim)

def remove_face(M,front_side):
    if front_side:
        dim_slice = slice(1,None)
    else:
        dim_slice = slice(None,-1)
    index = tuple(dim_slice if i == dim else slice(None) for i in range(M.ndim))
    return M[index]

def iter_faces(M):
    for dim in range(M.ndim):
        for front_side in (True,False):
            yield get_face(M,front_side)

In [18]: M = np.arange(27).reshape((3,3,3))
In [19]: for face in iter_faces(M): print face
[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]
 [6 7 8]]
[[18 19 20]
 [21 22 23]
 [24 25 26]]
[[ 0  1  2]
 [ 9 10 11]
 [18 19 20]]
[[ 6  7  8]
 [15 16 17]
 [24 25 26]]
[[ 0  3  6]
 [ 9 12 15]
 [18 21 24]]
[[ 2  5  8]
 [11 14 17]
 [20 23 26]]

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