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路由器重制原理-(路由器 重制)(路由器重制方法)

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以上就是给各位分享路由器重制原理-(路由器重制),其中也会对路由器重制方法进行解释,同时本文还将给你拓展4K解码+路由器+HDMI收发ARM4核64bit、CCIE总结:路由器、交换机、CCNP(BC

以上就是给各位分享路由器重制原理-(路由器 重制),其中也会对路由器重制方法进行解释,同时本文还将给你拓展4K 解码 + 路由器 + HDMI 收发 ARM 4核64bit、CCIE总结:路由器、交换机、CCNP(BCMSN)实验:GLBP多组综合实验(路由器)、CCNP(BCMSN)实验:VRRP多组综合实验(路由器)等相关知识,如果能碰巧解决你现在面临的问题,别忘了关注本站,现在开始吧!

本文目录一览:

路由器重制原理-(路由器 重制)(路由器重制方法)

路由器重制原理-(路由器 重制)(路由器重制方法)

路由器重制原理

(路由器 重制)

重置路由器的解释意味着两件事。可以重新启动,保持设置不变,或者将其重置为默认出厂状态。宽带路由器通常需要一个特殊的过程来完全恢复工厂设置。

出厂重置的一般规则通常调用30-30-30重置的简写名称:按下重置按钮30秒,从电源上拔出路由器30秒,然后用重置按钮插入30秒。

看看你的路由器。这里有一个小孔。用笔或针插入5秒以上。注意指示灯全亮,说明重启成功!(注:有些不是小孔,是小按钮,不需要拿尖东西,直接按五秒钟)

如何执行30-30-30路由器重置

虽然任何给定路由器的程序可能不同,但一般来说,以下步骤通常适用于大多数品牌的路由器。

01 插入路由器并打开电源后,按下重置按钮30秒。这个按钮通常是嵌入路由器背面的小点。您可能需要使用珠宝商的螺丝刀或弯曲的回形针。

02 按下按钮时,将路由器从电源上拔出30秒。

03 按住重置按钮,重新打开电源,再按30秒。

90秒后,路由器将恢复到默认状态。您的特定路由器可能不需要完整的30-30-30程序。有些路由器只需10秒就能硬复位,没有电源循环,但30-30-30的方法不会损坏路由器。以此30-30-30规则为一般标准,建议记住并遵循。

Tip: 重置路由器后,默认使用原始配置IP登录用户名和密码的地址。假如你的路由器来自NETGEAR,Linksys,Cisco或 D-Link作为主要路由器制造商之一,您可以在其网站或路由器附带的文件中找到路由器的默认信息。

选择是否重启或重置路由器

重新启动路由器和重置路由器是两个不同的过程。重启是一个更简单的过程,你应该在重置之前尝试一下。若重启不能解决路由器问题,则30-30-30重置仍可用。

路由器重启会议 关闭并重新启动设备的所有功能,但保留所有路由器的设置。类似于重新启动计算机关闭然后重新启动。路由器可以在30-30-30重置过程中关闭电源或通过控制台菜单重新启动。

路由器重置将重新启动路由器,更改其设置,并删除可能已应用于其自定义配置。这意味着当软件恢复到其默认状态时,将删除您以前输入的无线网络设置并定制DNS转发设置服务器和任何端口。

虽然看起来很明显,但很多人并不认为路由器重启是处理家庭网络问题的一种方式。重新启动路由器有助于以下情况:

当管理员的控制台没有响应时IP地址(192.168.1.1或相同版本)

当客户突然无法连接时(尤其是Wi-Fi客户端)

你的房子停电或停电后

路由器长时间不重置 - 一个月或更长时间

刷新路由器DNS缓存

路由器能重启或重置太多次吗?

和计算机、电话等设备一样,如果家用路由器的电源循环过多,最终会失败。

和计算机、电话和其他设备一样,如果家用路由器有太多的电源循环,它最终会失败。然而,现代路由器可以重新启动或重置数千次,然后需要担心。如果您担心频繁的电源循环对路由器的影响,请检查制造商的可靠性等级规格。

总结

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如果觉得小编网站内容还不错,欢迎将小编网站推荐给好友。

4K 解码 + 路由器 + HDMI 收发 ARM 4核64bit

4K 解码 + 路由器 + HDMI 收发 ARM 4核64bit

日前蓝莓电子技术有限公司宣布推出Blueberry Pi (A),它是基于Realtek 129x处理器设计,套件基于Linaro的96board规范.


Blueberry Pi的亮点包括:

系统和外围:

ARM Cortex-A53 Quad-Core processor with floating-point unit and NEON SIMD engine embedded, supporting the 64/32-bit ARMv8 architecture

ARM T820 GPU – Mali-450 8-core equivalent

Supports SATA III

Supports PCI Express1.1/2.0

Supports SDIO 3.0 interface

...

独立音视频DSP

Video DSP with HW acceleration

Decoding:

H.265 MP@L5.1 Main Tier

VP9 Profile 0

...

Encoding:

MPEG 4 SP@L5

H.264 BP, MP, HP@L4.2

H.264 MVC SHP 1080@30P


Audio DSP with HW acceleration

Decoding:

7.1 CH down-mix

MPEG I Layer 1, 2, 3 (2-CH) and MPEG II Layer 1, 2 (Multi-Channel)

LPCM, ADPCM, ALAC, FLAC, AAC, WAV, AIFF, VSELP, and OGG Vorbis

DTS HD, Dolby Digital Plus, TrueHD

WMA/WMA Pro, Dolby Digital AC3, and DTS

Recording:

LPCM/ADPCM/MP3/AAC audio recording


网络接口:

Supports RGMII/SGMII

Integrates 10/100/1000 Ethernet MAC and PHY

Integrates hardware NAT and IP6 engine for AP router application


存储接口:

Integrates USB3.0 Super Speed Dual-Role Device controller and PHY

with supports for Type C receptacle


HDMI 输出:

HDMI2.0a/MHL3.0,HDCP,and DVI 1.0 compliant transmitter

HDMI 输入:

One-chanel HDMI 2.0a compliant receiver

Supports video format up to 4K x 2k@59.94/60HZ


系统软件:

支持Android 6.x/Linux + OpenWrt


alex@blueberry-tek.com

13509624205


CCIE总结:路由器、交换机

CCIE总结:路由器、交换机

bbs.spoto.net/forum-178-1.html   -----雏鹰部落


GNS3安装

1、安装的所有目录不能使用中文

ISO如何操作

securecrt如何使用建立会话:之前总是连不上的原因是没有选 telnet协议,而不是ssh协议,要注意。


cmd如何进入GNS3模式:telnet localhost 2001


GNS3使用过程以及两个路由怎样连接

打开软件--添加镜像(c3640-jk9o3s-mz.124-13a)--计算IDLE值直到出现*号选择即可,目的是降低cpu使用率在10%以下才可以--暂停双击--添加快速以太网口--add a link--两个路由连接起来

命令+?=查看帮助
用户模式:》 输入exit 可以退出
特权模式:#  输入enable进入特权模式
全局模式(router(config)#模式--更高一级):输入configure terminal特权模式
全局模式退出:end 到上一级,exit 到用户模式


pc4(config)#default interface f 0/0    ------还原默认配置


配置console密码,下次再插console就得输入密码
R1(config)#line console 0    ---进入接口
R1(config)#password spoto
R1(config-line)#login     当其他设备连接这台设备时需要密码验证
R1(config-line)#no login
R1(config-line)#no pas spoto

用户模式-特权模式 设置密码
到特权模式下

R1(config)#enable secret spoto


VTY口令-用于限制人员通过telnet访问设备,设备第一次现场调试,以后要通过远程telnet调试,
实验:
R1作为被调试的设备,R2去登陆R1调试

R1(config)#line vty 0 4         vty:虚拟通道   0-4:要开5个通道
R1(config-line)#password spototelnet
R1#sh ip int
R1#sh ip int b
R1#conf t
R1(config)#int f 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1(config-if)#no shutdown    
R2(config)#int f 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#ping 1.1.1.2    ---------这个模式报错--Ping测试要在特权模式下
               ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker
R1#ping 1.1.1.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 16/44/88 ms

R2#telnet 1.1.1.1 -------------注意是特权模式下
Trying 1.1.1.1 ... Open


User Access Verification
Password: 
% Password:  timeout expired!
Password:   spototelnet
R1>enable
Password:spoto
R1#

查看当前所有配置
R1#show running-config   ---注意在特权模式下 --保存在内存里面 即RAM里面,重启后会清空
start-up-config   存储在NVRA里面 现在设备都放在flash里面  保存在这里面--再重启不丢失
保存配置 第一种
R1#write 
Building configuration...
[OK]
保存配置 第二种
R1#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]? 
Building configuration...
[OK]
清空配置
R1#erase startup-config         针对旧设备, 都对当前配置没有影响,重启后才生效
R1#delete flash:config.text     现在设备      都对当前配置没有影响,重启后才生效         


配IP步骤:

先进入:用户模式-》特权模式-》全局模式-》进入接口

接口区分:如果一台设备有两个插槽,第一个插槽编号是0,第二个插槽编号是1。第一个插槽里面只有一个接口编号是0;第二个插槽里面有两个接口编号,一个是0,一个是1,


一、配置以太网接口(就是以太网链路)--基于8.2.3标准走,用的ARP协议


进入普通10M以太网口
interface ethernet 0/0    -----进入第一个插槽编号,第0个接口
interface ethernet 1/0    -----进入第二个插槽编号,第0个接口 
interface ethernet 1/1    -----进入第二个插槽编号,第1个接口
ethernet 0/0   第一个0表示10M    整个意思:10M以太网口

进入快速以太网口
interface fast-ethernet 0/0

添加ip
R1(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

激活接口--------思科设备默认是关闭的
R1(config-if)#no shutdown

实验:
R1#conf terminal 
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0   -----提示符已变成 -if
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#end
R1#

R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#interface f 0/0   interface s 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#end
R2#

Ping测试要在特权模式下

R1#ping 192.168.1.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!           ------5个包,第一个包超时
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/45/88 ms

R1#ping 192.168.1.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/71/136 ms


二、配置serial接口(就是串行接口) (就是串行链路)(广域网链路)

DCE端
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config)#clock rate 6400   在DCE端配置时钟信号。时钟信号在运营商,用户是DTE端,线缆两头分别写着DCE和DTE,做模拟实验,需要一端模拟运营商,

DTE端不用配时钟
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown

查看具体接口配置信息
R1#show interfaces f0/0 ----------注意模式
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up     ----物理接口和协议都是up
  Hardware is AmdFE, address is cc00.0b00.0000 (bia cc00.0b00.0000)  ---快速以太网口和MAC地
  Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24
  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec,   BW-带宽是100M,  DLY--延迟
     reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
  Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set

R1#show ip int brief          ------查看哪些接口配了哪些ip
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            192.168.1.1     YES manual up                    up

YES manual up---------是物理状态,如果连接路由器的线断了就是down了,
Protocol   up---------是协议状态,如果没有配置时钟信号,就是down



路由选择原理;静态路由(S),直连路由(C)

R1#show ip route

C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

C:表示通过什么渠道获得,比如手工配置,C是直连,。S是手工配置的静态的
192.168.1.0/24 :表示目标地址
FastEthernet0/0 :表示从哪出去,从接口出去还是吓一跳扔给谁。

直连路由:路由接口配完IP后,接口激活,且双up:物理和协议都up,就会学习到紧邻路由的网络号,如:192.168.2.0/24,  ---C 
静态路由:人工建表,指定去哪个网段,如果去的网段号很多,就得配好多表,--适合中小型网络。
动态路由:两个路由之间相互对话,从而学到远端路由所知道的,比如3.04.06.0等网段。

直连路由的获取:两端路由只能知道一侧的路由,中间的路由可以知道紧邻两侧的路由信息。



静态路由配置:    PC->网关->目的路由->目的路由后面是公网

        需要人工配置告诉网关去往目的地的路由信息,即网络号

静态路由配置两种方式

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.255.0 192.168.12.1   192.168.1.0指的是公网IP   192.168.12.1指的是和目的路由器相连的左边的IP.------叫做扔给对端IP
        
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.255.0 serial 0      serial 0指的是网关紧挨着右边的接口   --------叫做扔给本地接口。

通信是双向的,还需要配置回来的路由信息,也是这样的,


实验:
    PC-> R1路由->R2路由->R3目的路由->目的路由后面的公网
    
              -( R1路由)-S0/0 192.168.12.1/24
        
    192.168.12.2/24 S0/0-( R2路由)-S0/1 192.16823.2/24
            
    192.168.23.3/24 S0/0-( R3路由)

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.23.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.255.0 serial s0/0

192.168.12.2------叫做扔给对端IP
serial s0/0指的是网关紧挨着右边的接口   --------叫做扔给本地接口。


通信是双向的,还需要配置回来的路由信息,也是这样的,


默认路由  表示符号:S*

实验(紧接着上面):PC-> R1路由->R2路由--后面接着好多网段IP,有1.02.03.04.0;多个隔离网络

R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.2   192.168.12.2相当于默认网关。


telnet七层访问构造     客户 A---网关路由---远端路由---客户 B
源端口是一个随机端口,目的端口一定是23端口。

osi七层:7-5层不重要,4层把端口号封装TCP头部,然后建立三次握手连接在四层,源端口是一个随机端口,目的端口一定是23端口;3层报头加IP,源IP和目的IP;2层是帧头,加上源mac和目标网关路由mac地址(mac只能在本地LAN有效)。A要把数据发给B,必须得先发给网关,所以必须得知道网关的mac地址。

A通过地址解析协议发送广播给网关,网关收到后再回一个给A,A就会更新它的mac表,然后加上源mac和目标网关路由mac地址,最后变成10100的字样传给网关路由,网关收到后拆到第三层漏出IP,如果发现不是给自己的,就原封不动的打包回去,但是他要帮客户送出去,但是查了查路由没有到远端的路由表,所以我们就配置静态路由的方法告诉他怎么走。到远端路由后要拆封到帧,填上自己的mac地址和客户B的mac地址,所以也要广播得到,然后送给B计算机,B也要一层层拆,拆到应用层,看是23端口号,是telnet程序,所以就丢给了telnet程序处理。

同理B回包的时候也得走这个过程。



cmd里面输入 :arp -a    得到所有的mac地址。



lookback接口是虚拟接口,是个软件接口跟物理接口一样,可以配置IP地址。当物理接口不够用时,就可以用lookback接口。所以要开启这个、

静态路由坏处:当有好多个路由时,基本每个路由都要配路由表,会很忙,而且有一个远端路由坏掉时 ,也不是道。



动态路由协议


--------动态的更新,是一个对话。

静态路由坏处:当有好多个路由时,基本每个路由都要配路由表,会很忙,而且有一个远端路由坏掉时 ,也不是道。
动态路由坏处:需要占用一定的cpu等资源,会占用一定带宽,但对网络不会造成太大影响

动网路由协议分类:内部网关协议和外部网关协议。
AS号:自治系统,-自我管理
AS号内部---------选择内部网关协议
不同AS之间---------选择外部网关协议--------比如两个跨国公司之间,---比如两个农业银行之间

内部网关协议包括:1、距离矢量协议 2、链路状态协议
外部网关协议包括:BGP--适用于超大型网络


距离矢量协议
距离矢量协议包括:1、RIPV1和RIPV2  2、EIGRP
距离指的跳数--hop  一跳要跨越一台路由器,比如 R1要通过 R2 跨越2.0网段,这就是垮了一跳,以条数衡量一条路由的好坏,
矢量:R2要通告给R1,R1要经过R2,这就是方向
一旦两台路由之间运行协议,路由就会更新自己的路由表,进行对话,周期性的更新,
更新方式:采用广播,  缺点:对链路和设备造成损耗,

收敛完成的意思:动态路由学习完毕

收敛分两步:1、初次路由信息交换,进一步交欢

度量值(Metric):衡量一条路由的好和坏   ----附图见网盘--动态路由--距离矢量路由协议。就是说路由  --------前提在同一协议中做比较A连接了两个分支路由。

-A-B-E-1.0   ---------A到1.0经过了2跳   --------更忧  来源-RIP,网络号,viaB
-A-C-D-E-1.0  --------A到1.0经过了3跳

这样以后都会走更忧的路径,但是当2跳的任何地方出了问题,就会选择3跳的路径

度量值(Metric):同一台路由器收到多条去往同一个目的地的路由,会比较Metric值,Metric值忧的会被装进路由表,注:Metric值有比较条数的,有比较带宽的。如果两个Metric都相同就会同时使用,这就是负载均衡,


RIP缺点:当3跳的那条链路带宽比2跳的那条链路带宽大时,就是浪费,---附图见网盘--动态路由--距离矢量路由协议


冗余:自动切换链路,当有一个链路挂掉时候,而静态的路由是无法自动切换的。

查看度量值(Metric):show ip route  ------附图见网盘--动态路由--距离矢量路由协议

Metric:在同一协议中做比较
管理距离(AD值):指的是不同动态协议之间做比较选择最优路径。

总结:
    一台路由器,当它从两种不同的动态路由协议选择协议中,学习到去往同一个目的地的路由,比较AD值。取信小的将路由装入路由表,进行数据转发,另一条路径,只有当优选的路径DOWN掉的时候,才会出现和使用;
    一台路由器,当它从同种动态路由协议,但不同方向(邻居)学习  去往同一个目的地的路由,则比较metric度量值,选择忧的,装入路由表,进行数据转发。


依照传闻的更新方式(广播、更新路由表)   -----容易被骗,容易产生环路
逐跳更新

环路的产生:-A-B-C-

当C右端链路断掉时。但是仍然周期性的更新,当有pc访问C时,C告诉走B,B再告诉走C,往复循环,直到跑死,------------附图见网盘--动态路由--距离矢
还有达到无穷大
量路由协议   


消除环路的方法: A-B-C-x
1、定义最大度量值防止计数至无穷大(最大跳数)16  ----这是RIP的最大上限
2、水平分隔 --附图见网盘--动态路由--距离矢
3、抑制计时器:抑制计时器:远端出问题时,B和C先启动计时器。观察,如果恢复,就继续使用

4、路由中毒  ---路由无穷大--就是不可达-----泛红出去------附图见网盘--动态路由--距离矢
5、毒性逆转  :带有路由中毒的水平分隔,:C告诉B路由不可达,B也告诉C我知道路由不可达,并等待C右边的线路好
6、触发更新:拓扑发送变化时,路由立即发送更新消息

RIP:适用于金融行业,
基于UDP,端口520的应用层协议。
管理距离120

RIP实验
    R1 R2 R3

如果有多个路由,依次宣告自己的网络号即可
R1#conf t
R1(config)#interface S 0/0  
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1#ping 192.168.12.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.12.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/38/52 ms
R1#ping 192.168.23.3

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.23.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
R1#conf t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
R1(config-router)#end
R1#sh ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

(配置Rip后)


R1#ping 192.168.23.3

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.23.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)


R2#configure t
R2(config)#int s 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#int s 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.23.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config)#end
R2#sh ip int b
R2#ping 192.168.23.3
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.23.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/35/48 ms
R2#conf t
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#net
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0


R3#conf t
R3(config)#int s 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.23.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#end
R3#conf t
R3(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0
R3(config-router)#end
R3#sh ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

R    192.168.12.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.23.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
C    192.168.23.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

R3#ping 192.168.12.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.12.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 56/68/96 ms




EIGRP  

--增强型内部网关路由协议 --思科私有---只能在思科设备上运行--前身是IGRP
RFC文档 ----规范  www.rfc
特点:收敛速度比较快,减少带宽浪费,(触发性更新)--当网络拓扑发送变化时才更新,
      支持多种网络层协议,(ip,ipx,appletalk)  ---见截图

      无类路由:可以识别不同掩码
      高级距离矢量协议:不只只是根据跳数,也可以根据带宽。
      100%无环路,---DUAL算法
首先形成邻居表,再进行路由信息同步,然后启用DUAL算法,查看哪个更忧。
三种表:邻居表,拓扑表。路由表,

通过组播方式泛红:224.0.0.10发送


metric计算==带宽+延迟    =BW+DLY     BW=(10的7次方/带宽 )*256    

DLY= ((延迟(微妙)/10)*256
带宽:沿路所有数据出接口带宽最低值,且是接口的带宽,而不是链路的带宽
延迟:沿路所有数据出接口延迟的和


DUAL算法:提供无环路

后继路由器:就是选择metric最优的那条路的下一个路由器。
可行距离:本地到达目标地的metric值,(FD)  本地可以是A  可以是B
可行后继路由器:备份的那个 (FS)

A-B-D-
A-C-D-
通告距离:C通告给A到达目的地的D右面网段的距离,(AD)

可行后继成立的条件:C通告给A到达目的地的D右面网段的距离,(AD)要小于 A通过B到达D右面网段的距离。(FD)

路由更新和数据包的方向是相反的

K值要相等

EIGRP的配置

AS:域,比如一个省份就是一个域,不同的AS用不同的号码区分,

debug:一般不要开启,开启后会出现大量调试信息,有可能把设备跑坏,
自动汇总:防止远端网络号down掉的反复计算DUAL值协议默认开启汇总,

10.1.1.0/24   这是个子网  10.网段是A类地址,进行了子网划分。
172.16.0.0/16

192.168.12.0  是个主类地址,

EIGRP的配置实验
R1#conf t
R1(config)#interface S 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1(config-if)#router eigrp 100
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
R1(config-router)#end
R1#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

R2#configure t
R2(config)#int s 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:05:13.543: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:05:14.547: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#in
R2(config-if)#int lo0
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:05:40.851: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#ip add 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#no shutdown 
R2(config-if)#router eigrp 100
R2(config-router)#networ
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
R2(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:06:40.487: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 100: Neighbor 192.168.12.1 (Serial0/0) is up: new adjacency
R2(config-router)#netw
R2(config-router)#network 2.2.2.

R1#sh ip route 
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D    2.0.0.0/8 [90/2297856] via 192.168.12.2, 00:00:12, Serial0/0

R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             13 00:02:10   73   438  0  4
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             14 00:02:33   73   438  0  4
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             13 00:02:43   73   438  0  4
R1#
Connected to Dynamips VM "R1" (ID 13, type c3600) - Console port
Press ENTER to get the prompt.

R1#sh
R1#show ip
R1#show ip eifr
R1#show ip eigrp
R1#show ip eigrp nei
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             13 00:52:02   73   438  0  4
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             14 00:52:20   73   438  0  4
R1#conf
R1#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#int s 0/0
R1(config-if)#shu
R1(config-if)#shutdown 
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:05:01.555: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 100: Neighbor 192.168.12.2 (Serial0/0) is down: interface down
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:05:03.515: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to administratively down
*Mar  1 01:05:04.515: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
R1(config-if)#debu
R1(config-if)#de  
R1(config-if)#debu
R1(config-if)#debug ip eigr
R1(config-if)#end           
R1#d
*Mar  1 01:05:59.195: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#deb
R1#debug ip eigr
R1#debug ip eigrp ?
  <1-65535>      Autonomous System
  neighbor       IP-EIGRP neighbor debugging
  notifications  IP-EIGRP event notifications
  summary        IP-EIGRP summary route processing
  vrf            Select a VPN Routing/Forwarding instance
  <cr>

R1#debug ip eigrp 
IP-EIGRP Route Events debugging is on
R1#conf
R1#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#int s 0/0
R1(config-if)#no shu
R1(config-if)#no shutdown 
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:08:34.855: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:08:35.859: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:08:44.755: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 100: Neighbor 192.168.12.2 (Serial0/0) is up: new adjacency
*Mar  1 01:08:44.915: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): Processing incoming UPDATE packet
*Mar  1 01:08:44.919: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): 192.168.12.0/24 - do advertise out Serial0/0
*Mar  1 01:08:44.987: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): Processing incoming UPDATE packet
*Mar  1 01:08:44.991: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): Int 2.0.0.0/8 M 2297856 - 1657856 640000 SM 128256 - 256 128000
*Mar  1 01:08:44.991: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): route installed for 2.0.0.0  ()
*Mar  1 01:08:44.995: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): 192.168.12.0/24 - do advertise out Serial0/0
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:08:45.083: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): Processing incoming UPDATE packet
*Mar  1 01:08:45.087: IP-EIGRP(Default-IP-Routing-Table:100): Int 2.0.0.0/8 M 2297856 - 1657856 640000 SM 128256 - 256 128000
R1(config-if)#end
R1#sh
*Mar  1 01:11:41.339: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#sh ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D    2.0.0.0/8 [90/2297856] via 192.168.12.2, 00:03:01, Serial0/0
R1#un all
All possible debugging has been turned off
R1#sh ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D    2.0.0.0/8 [90/2297856] via 192.168.12.2, 00:04:33, Serial0/0     ---这个8见截图,

R1#show ip eigrp neigh
R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             11 00:41:48  121   726  0  7
R1#ping 192.168.12.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.12.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/40/76 ms


R1#show ip eigrp topology 
IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(100)/ID(192.168.12.1)

Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
       r - reply Status, s - sia Status 

P 2.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 2297856
        via 192.168.12.2 (2297856/128256), Serial0/0
P 192.168.12.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2169856
        via Connected, Serial0/0


实验:见截图    三个路由构成三角形。R3连接一个lookback接口

R1#conf
R1#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#int f 0/0
               ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

R1(config)#int s 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1(config-if)#no shutdown 
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:12:39.935: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:12:40.939: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#int s 0/1
*Mar  1 01:13:04.195: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
R1(config-if)#int s 0/1
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh
R1(config-if)#no shutdown 
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:13:41.003: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:13:42.007: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:14:04.207: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
R1(config-if)#netw
R1(config-if)#networ
R1(config-if)#network 192.168.12.0
                 ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

R1(config-if)#rout
R1(config-if)#routing i
                      ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

R1(config-if)#routing ei 1
                      ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

R1(config-if)#route       
R1(config-if)#router ei 1
R1(config-router)#netw
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0
R1(config-router)#
*Mar  1 01:22:54.179: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-router)#
*Mar  1 01:23:51.639: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 1: Neighbor 192.168.12.2 (Serial0/0) is up: new adjacency
R1(config-router)#
*Mar  1 01:26:24.207: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R1(config-router)#
*Mar  1 01:29:43.699: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 1: Neighbor 192.168.13.3 (Serial0/1) is up: new adjacency
R1(config-router)#end



R2#conf     
R2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#int s 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.12.2
% Incomplete command.

R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.12.2
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#no shutdown 
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:22:48.531: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:22:49.535: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#int s 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.23.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#no shutdown 
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:23:14.087: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:23:15.091: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#rout
R2(config-if)#router ei 1
R2(config-router)#netw
R2(config-router)#network  
*Mar  1 01:23:42.515: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0
*Mar  1 01:23:50.183: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 1: Neighbor 192.168.12.1 (Serial0/0) is up: new adjacency
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0

R3#int
R3#int
R3#conf
R3#configure t
R3#configure terminal 
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#ip add 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
                 ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

R3(config)#int s 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#no shutdown 
R3(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:26:18.555: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:26:19.559: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#int s 0/1
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.23.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#no shutdown 
R3(config)#int lo0
R3(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:28:14.019: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#ip add 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.0     
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#no shutdown 
R3(config-router)#router ei 1         
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0
R3(config-router)#network 3.0.0.0 

R1#show ip eigrp neighbors 
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 1
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
1   192.168.13.3            Se0/1             12 00:01:57   82   492  0  12
0   192.168.12.2            Se0/0             12 00:07:49   74   444  0  12
R1#sho                     
R1#show ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C    192.168.13.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/1
D    3.0.0.0/8 [90/2297856] via 192.168.13.3, 00:00:55, Serial0/1
D    192.168.23.0/24 [90/2681856] via 192.168.13.3, 00:02:27, Serial0/1
                     [90/2681856] via 192.168.12.2, 00:02:27, Serial0/0
R1#sho
R1#show ip ei
R1#show ip eigrp to
R1#show ip eigrp topology 
IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(1)/ID(192.168.13.1)

Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
       r - reply Status, s - sia Status 

P 3.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 2297856
        via 192.168.13.3 (2297856/128256), Serial0/1
P 192.168.12.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2169856
        via Connected, Serial0/0
P 192.168.13.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2169856
        via Connected, Serial0/1
P 192.168.23.0/24, 2 successors, FD is 2681856
        via 192.168.12.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0
        via 192.168.13.3 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/1
R1#show ip eigrp topology all
R1#show ip eigrp topology all-links 
IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(1)/ID(192.168.13.1)

Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
       r - reply Status, s - sia Status 

P 3.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 2297856, serno 5
        via 192.168.13.3 (2297856/128256), Serial0/1
        via 192.168.12.2 (2809856/2297856), Serial0/0
P 192.168.12.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2169856, serno 1
        via Connected, Serial0/0
P 192.168.13.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2169856, serno 2
        via Connected, Serial0/1
P 192.168.23.0/24, 2 successors, FD is 2681856, serno 4
        via 192.168.12.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0
        via 192.168.13.3 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/1


R1#show ip protocols   ------ 查看全局指令

负载均衡

负载均衡:同时出现了两条路由到达目的地。并且metric值相等。提高了带宽的利用率。

不等价负载均衡:  --见图

    允许两条优劣路由都放在路由表里。--防止闲置带宽:同时使用两条链路,

variance=2  自定义这个数

(20+10)=30<[2*FD=40]  这个时候30这个metric值就可以作为负载路由一起使用。

网络工程师概念:不是机房,不是弱电,是整个路由器,交换机等设备组成的系统,上面跑了平台,又有各种协议,根据客户现场进需求行规划。变成实施方案,最终落实,


多和行业内人士交流。




OSPF

OSPF协议:链路状态路由协议(开放式最短路径优先)---用的最广泛 --SPF算法  很多园区网都在用
O:开放   共有的  没有跳数限制

路由之间交流的是链路的状态而不是直接的路由信息,而距离矢量路由协议交流的直接是路由信息

状态:这个接口到某个路由之间的开销或邻居关系。

根据开销选择 路径,和带宽成反比,带宽越大,到达目的地的开销越小。
cost=10的8次方/接口带宽   带宽=沿路入接口所有带宽之和


OSPF报文类型          相当于婚恋过程
HELLO:建立初步关系 ,采用组播方式,224.0.0.5,发给所有运行OSPF协议的路由器
DBD:链路状态表   LSA:具体信息,在LSDB中  --这一步了解基本信息,LSDB在拓扑表中,
LSR:请求详细情况--链路状态信息
LSU:给的答复(包括了多了LSA)
LSACK:确认报文的安全机制,对LSU中的LSA进行确认。

OSPF区域:
    泛红,每台路由都要装在小区内的所有信息,浪费资源,所以区域要弄小点,且区域大,不易管理,且拓扑发生变化容易发生网络抖动,

OSPF  区域划分,以路由器为界限,

OSPF三张表:邻居表,拓扑表,OSPF路由表。

OSPF优势
    几乎适应所有网络类型,包括以太网,点对点串行链路,就是运行在OS七层的第二层,比如物理层是以太网接口,在二层就会识别封装成以太网帧,如果是串行接口,就封装成HPLC的帧,接口不一样,封装时候叫的名字也不一样,然后OSPF就会根据这种不同的数据链路层进行操作,不同的数据链路就是不同的网络,

一共4种网络类型

广播型:就是以太网链路,比如在LAN中连接了多台路由器,简称BMA。

串行链路:就是点对点模式,一条线两头各连一个路由,只有两个
NBMA:也是多路型网络,但是不支持广播和组播,最典型的封装方式就是 x.25和帧中


通配符(反掩码):用来匹配,=255.255.255.255-接口的掩码

实验--通配符

R1#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#int f 0/0
               ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

R1(config)#int s 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:03:55.751: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:03:56.755: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:04:23.955: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down
R1(config-if)#rou
R1(config-if)#router os
R1(config-if)#ex       
R1(config)#router os
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#netw
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 ar
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0  ----   255.255.255.255-3个255
R1(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:08:03.955: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R1(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:09:35.611: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.23.2 on Serial0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done


R2#conf
R2#configure t
R2#configure terminal 
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#in
R2(config)#interface s 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#no shutdown 
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:07:49.223: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#in
*Mar  1 00:07:50.227: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#in
R2(config-if)#int    
R2(config-if)#ex   
R2(config)#int s 0/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.23.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#no shutdown 
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:08:47.295: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:08:48.299: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up
R2(config-if)#ex
R2(config)#rou
R2(config)#router os
R2(config)#router ospf 1
R2(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:09:13.151: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to down
R2(config-router)#netw
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 a
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:09:34.371: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.12.1 on Serial0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
R2(config-router)#net
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 ar
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R2(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:11:43.151: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1, changed state to up

R3#conf 
R3#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#int s 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.23.3 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#no shutdown 
R3(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:11:30.879: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:11:31.883: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up
R3(config-if)#ex
R3(config)#rou
R3(config)#routee
R3(config)#router os
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#netw
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 a 0
R3(config-router)#
*Mar  1 00:14:48.359: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.23.2 on Serial0/0 from LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R1(config-router)#end
R1#
*Mar  1 00:15:07.071: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
R1#sh
R1#show ip os
R1#show ip ospf ne
R1#show ip ospf neighbor 

Neighbor ID     Pri   State           Dead Time   Address         Interface
192.168.23.2      0   FULL/  -        00:00:38    192.168.12.2    Serial0/0
R1#sh ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C    192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
O    192.168.23.0/24 [110/128] via 192.168.12.2, 00:01:17, Serial0/0
R1#ping 192.168.23.3

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.23.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 52/60/64 ms






多区域配置:area0  area1  不一样而已。



二层交换基础

VLAN概念

TRUNK概念
二层交换基本配置
交换机对帧进行转发,如果不知道数据包的走向就会泛红,不能隔绝广播域,


园区网络分层结构

接入层:用户接入,接入安全,防止PC中毒影响整个网络,接入层VLAN,接受用户流量
汇聚层:流量汇聚,链路冗余,设备冗余,防止环路
核心层:高速转发,服务器接入,路由选择,
出口层:广域网接入,出口策略,带宽控制,链路备份。




接入层交换机---二层交换机,二层:数据链路层,定义了MAC地址,
作用:学习MAC地址,数据转发,帧:源和目的,还有data,环路避免,
交换机为什么工作在第二层:能够识别帧,转发帧。
mac地址:硬件地址,叫做二层地址,00000111,出厂时唯一的,

工作原理:刚开始寻址,泛红,之后就是针对性的



VLAN概念

HUB:整个是个冲突域
交换机:一个接口就是一个冲突域,整台是个广播域,是个LAN,比如192.168.1.0/24,不能隔绝广播域,因为是根据MAC地址转发,
路由器:每个接口就是个独立的广播域,

交换机如何划分多个广播域

192.168.1.1 和192.168.1.2 是一个VLAN   192.168.1.3H和 192.168.1.4 是另一个LAN, 这两个LAN之间不能互访,要想互访需要借助路由器配置。

VLAN  V:就是虚拟

不同的LAN之间不能互访,要想通信就得知道MAC,而要知道MAC就得通过广播来获得,而不同的LAN是不同的广播,所以无法获得,


1、静态VLAN  --人工配置
2、动态VLAN  --通过VSPS服务器实现,防止人员位置发生变化,MAC注册后。一直跟踪MAC,别管电脑到哪里
集成商:布线,强电弱电等,
网络工程师:调试设备,运营。个根据客户需求,上架设备。100台设备,一个下午。善用工具,myBase管理脚本--复制粘贴,大型设备都是写脚本,复制粘贴,速度很快
trunk :一条链路需要承载多ALAN信息的时候,需要使用trunk来实现。标记不同颜色,存在于交换机之间或交换机与路由器之间。由人为手工配置,
trunk:要配在链路上,就是干道上,交换机之间用的Trunk
ISL:思科私有,一种封装协议,

802.1Q又叫Qus:共有协议,使用里面插入tag来做标记,

数据帧:又叫纯洁以太网数据帧,



VTP模式:思科私有,在大型网络中,动态管理VLAN,在server模式,发送并更新,让其他交换机也具有,放在flash里面的vlan.dat里面。删除配置文件,他也在,client端只能学习,transparent下不学习,只转发。   --------很少用。   -在Teunk之间运行,


vlan的基本配置

跨交换机配置vlan
等车排队的时候放些视频学习材料
c3600模拟交换机添加的模块是 GNS3里面的倒数第二个NM-16ESW,PC分配快速以太网口,

路由器怎么模拟pc

1、 no ip routing  ---关掉路由功能
2、 interface f/0
    ip address xxx
    no shutdown
3、 ip default-gateway  xxxx  ---指定网关

sw1(vlan)#ex  -----这种方式退出才会保存


R1#conf 
R1#configure  t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#host
R1(config)#hostname sw1
sw1(config)#end
sw1#
*Mar  1 00:10:10.939: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
sw1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
sw1(config)#vlan 10
                 ^
% Invalid input detected at ''^'' marker.

sw1(config)#end
sw1#
*Mar  1 00:18:38.879: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console



R2#conf
R2#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)#host
R2(config)#hostname sw2
sw2(config)#end



R3#conf
R3#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#hos
R3(config)#hostname pc1
pc1(config)#no ip rou
pc1(config)#no ip routi
pc1(config)#no ip routing 
pc1(config)#int f 0/0
pc1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
pc1(config-if)#no sh
pc1(config-if)#no shutdown 
pc1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:11:58.447: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar  1 00:11:59.447: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
pc1(config-if)#ip def
pc1(config-if)#ip defau
pc1(config-if)#ex      
pc1(config)#ip defa
pc1(config)#ip default-gate
pc1(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.10.254
pc1(config)#end

R4#conf
R4#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)#host
R4(config)#hostname pc2
pc2(config)#no ip rou
pc2(config)#no ip rout
pc2(config)#no ip routi
pc2(config)#no ip routing 
pc2(config)#int f 0/0
pc2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
pc2(config-if)#no shu
pc2(config-if)#no shutdown 
pc2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:14:04.523: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
*Mar  1 00:14:05.523: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
pc2(config-if)#ex
pc2(config)#end


R5#conf 
R5#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R5(config)#host
R5(config)#hostname pc3
pc3(config)#no ip rou
pc3(config)#no ip routti
pc3(config)#no ip routi 
pc3(config)#no ip routing 
pc3(config)#int f 0/0
pc3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
pc3(config-if)#no sh
pc3(config-if)#no shutdown


R6#conf
R6#configure t
R6#configure terminal 
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
R6(config)#hostn
R6(config)#hostname pc4
pc4(config)#no ip rout
pc4(config)#no ip routi
pc4(config)#no ip routing 
pc4(config)#int f 0/0
pc4(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0
pc4(config-if)#no sh
pc4(config-if)#no shutdown 
pc4(config-if)#end



sw1#vlan da
sw1(vlan)#vlan 10
VLAN 10 added:
    Name: VLAN0010
sw1(vlan)#vlan 20
VLAN 20 added:
    Name: VLAN0020
sw1(vlan)#ex
APPLY completed.
Exiting....
sw1#conf 
sw1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
sw1(config)#int f 0/0
sw1(config-if)#swit
sw1(config-if)#switchport mo
sw1(config-if)#switchport mode acc
sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access 
sw1(config-if)#swi
sw1(config-if)#switchport ac vl
sw1(config-if)#switchport ac vlan 10
sw1(config-if)#ex
sw1(config)#int f 0/1              
sw1(config-if)#switchport mode access 
sw1(config-if)#switchport ac vlan 10  
sw1(config-if)#ex
sw1(config)#int f 0/2              
sw1(config-if)#sw
sw1(config-if)#swi
sw1(config-if)#switchport mo
sw1(config-if)#switchport mode ac
sw1(config-if)#sw mo
sw1(config-if)#sw mode ac vl
sw1(config-if)#sw mode ac vla
sw1(config-if)#sw acc        
sw1(config-if)#sw access vl
sw1(config-if)#sw access vlan 20
sw1(config-if)#end
sw1#
*Mar  1 00:24:44.411: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
sw1#sho
sw1#show vl
sw1#show vlan-s

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5, Fa0/6
                                                Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/10
                                                Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
                                                Fa0/15
10   VLAN0010                         active    Fa0/0, Fa0/1
20   VLAN0020                         active    Fa0/2
1002 fddi-default                     active    
1003 token-ring-default               active    
1004 fddinet-default                  active    
1005 trnet-default                    active    

VLAN Type  SAID       MTU   Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp  BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1    enet  100001     1500  -      -      -        -    -        1002   1003
10   enet  100010     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
20   enet  100020     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1002 fddi  101002     1500  -      -      -        -    -        1      1003
1003 tr    101003     1500  1005   0      -        -    srb      1      1002
1004 fdnet 101004     1500  -      -      1        ibm  -        0      0   
1005 trnet 101005     1500  -      -      1        ibm  -        0      0   
sw1#conf 
sw1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
sw1(config)#sw
sw1(config)#swi
sw1(config)#int f 0/15
sw1(config-if)#swi
sw1(config-if)#switchport tru
sw1(config-if)#switchport trunk en
sw1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation ?
  dot1q  Interface uses only 802.1q trunking encapsulation when trunking

sw1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation do
sw1(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
sw1(config-if)#swi
sw1(config-if)#switchport mo
sw1(config-if)#switchport mode tru
sw1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk 
sw1(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:27:37.255: %DTP-5-TRUNKPORTON: Port Fa0/15 has become dot1q trunk
sw1(config-if)#ex
sw1(config)#end
sw1#
*Mar  1 00:27:58.959: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
sw1#sho
sw1#show int
sw1#show interfaces tru
sw1#show interfaces trunk 

Port      Mode         Encapsulation  Status        Native vlan
Fa0/15    on           802.1q         trunking      1

Port      Vlans allowed on trunk
Fa0/15    1-1005

Port      Vlans allowed and active in management domain
Fa0/15    1,10,20

Port      Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned
Fa0/15    1,10,20



sw2#vlan da
sw2(vlan)#vl
sw2(vlan)#vlan 10
VLAN 10 added:
    Name: VLAN0010
sw2(vlan)#vl
sw2(vlan)#vlan 20
VLAN 20 added:
    Name: VLAN0020
sw2(vlan)#ex
APPLY completed.
Exiting....
sw2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
sw2(config)#int f 0/1
sw2(config-if)#sw
sw2(config-if)#switchport ac
sw2(config-if)#switchport access vl
sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
sw2(config-if)#int f 0/2
sw2(config-if)#sw 
sw2(config-if)#switchport ac
sw2(config-if)#switchport access vl
sw2(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
sw2(config-if)#int f 0/15
sw2(config-if)#sw
sw2(config-if)#switchport mo
sw2(config-if)#switchport mode tru
sw2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk 
sw2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 00:31:10.931: %DTP-5-TRUNKPORTON: Port Fa0/15 has become dot1q trunk
sw2(config-if)#sw
sw2(config-if)#switchport tru
sw2(config-if)#switchport trunk en
sw2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation do
sw2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
sw2(config-if)#ex
sw2(config)#end
sw2#sho
*Mar  1 00:31:47.155: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
sw2#sho
sw2#show int
sw2#show interfaces tru
sw2#show interfaces trunk 

Port      Mode         Encapsulation  Status        Native vlan
Fa0/15    on           802.1q         trunking      1

Port      Vlans allowed on trunk
Fa0/15    1-1005

Port      Vlans allowed and active in management domain
Fa0/15    1,10,20

Port      Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned
Fa0/15    1,10,20


pc1#show ip it
pc1#show ip ii  
pc1#show ip in
pc1#show ip int
pc1#show ip interface b
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            192.168.10.1    YES manual up                    up      
pc1#ping 192.168.10.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.10.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 8/21/40 ms


pc2#ping 192.168.20.2

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.20.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/40/76 ms
pc2#


不同的VLAN要访问就得借助路由器,而路由器的接口少,非常宝贵,提出了单臂,必须是快速以太网口,就是一个物理接口承载两个vlan,通过创建子接口实现。



单臂实验--接着上面的实验----不同的VLAN要访问---通过创建子接口实现

单臂路由缺点:占用带宽,链路来回占用,

sw2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
sw2(config)#int f 0/2
sw2(config-if)#no sw ac vl
sw2(config-if)#no sw ac vlan 20           -----------去掉vlan要改成Trunk
sw2(config-if)#sw
sw2(config-if)#switchport no
sw2(config-if)#switchport mo
sw2(config-if)#switchport mode tr
sw2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk 
sw2(config-if)#
*Mar  1 01:08:22.583: %DTP-5-TRUNKPORTON: Port Fa0/2 has become dot1q trunk
sw2(config-if)#sw
sw2(config-if)#switchport tru
sw2(config-if)#switchport trunk en
sw2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation d
sw2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q 
sw2(config-if)#ex
sw2(config)#end
sw2#sh 
*Mar  1 01:09:01.275: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
sw2#sh int tr

Port      Mode         Encapsulation  Status        Native vlan
Fa0/2     on           802.1q         trunking      1
Fa0/15    on           802.1q         trunking      1

Port      Vlans allowed on trunk
Fa0/2     1-1005
Fa0/15    1-1005

Port      Vlans allowed and active in management domain
Fa0/2     1,10,20
Fa0/15    1,10,20

Port      Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned
Fa0/2     1,10,20
Fa0/15    1,10,20
sw2#sh ip ro
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area 
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set




pc4#conf
pc4#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
pc4(config)#ip rou
pc4(config)#ip routi
pc4(config)#ip routing 
pc4(config)#defau
pc4(config)#default int
pc4(config)#default interface f 0/0         ---------恢复默认配置
Building configuration...

Interface FastEthernet0/0 set to default configuration
pc4(config)#end
pc4#
*Mar  1 01:06:57.819: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
pc4#host
pc4#hostna
pc4#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
pc4(config)#hostn
pc4(config)#hostname   
pc4(config)#hostname GW
pc4(config)#hostname GW
GW(config)#int f 0/0
GW(config-if)#no shu
GW(config-if)#no shutdown 
GW(config-if)#int f 0/0.10
GW(config-subif)#enca
GW(config-subif)#encapsulation do
GW(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 10
GW(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
GW(config-subif)#no sh
GW(config-subif)#int f 0/0.20
GW(config-subif)#en
GW(config-subif)#encapsulation do
GW(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 20
GW(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0
GW(config-subif)#no sh
GW(config-subif)#ex
GW(config)#end
GW#sho
GW#show 
*Mar  1 01:16:16.787: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
GW#show ip int b
GW#show ip int b
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            unassigned      YES TFTP   up                    up      
FastEthernet0/0.10         192.168.10.254  YES manual up                    up      
FastEthernet0/0.20         192.168.20.254  YES manual up                    up  




pc2#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
pc2(config)#ip def
pc2(config)#ip default-g
pc2(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.10.254
pc2(config)#^Z
pc2#
*Mar  1 01:19:01.843: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
pc2#configure t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
pc2(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.20.254


pc3(config-if)#ip def
pc3(config-if)#ip defau
pc3(config-if)#ip defaul
pc3(config-if)#ip default-
pc3(config-if)#ip default-g 
pc3(config-if)#ex          
pc3(config)#ip def
pc3(config)#ip default-ge
pc3(config)#ip default-get
pc3(config)#ip default-g  
pc3(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.10.254


pc1#sh ip int b
pc1#sh ip int b
Interface                  IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
FastEthernet0/0            192.168.10.1    YES manual up                    up      
pc1#sh ip ro
Default gateway is 192.168.10.254

Host               Gateway           Last Use    Total Uses  Interface
ICMP redirect cache is empty
pc1#ping 192.168.20.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.20.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
..!!!
Success rate is 60 percent (3/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 36/46/64 ms
pc1#ping 192.168.20.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.20.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/48/84 ms


总结:

trunk只有在不同的vlan的时候才设置在链路上
纯净的数据帧只有在trunk链路中才会打上封装。

学会创建自己的个人笔记,要通过word来写,可以自定义格式。生成目录树。

383187373

VTP的基本配置





OSPF

STP生成树---在二层

单点故障:1、单链路,2、单设备
冗余又容易造成环路
三层链路:两台路由器之间叫做三层链路,存在于广播中
二层链路:存在于交换机与交换机之间。通过vlan接口互联的。
二层还没有很好的机制避免环路,

环路的缺点:

1、环路--广播风暴,资源耗尽,网络卡,ping丢包等都是这个环路造成。ping100个包,丢50个包。一旦有一台pc中毒,就会泛红产生广播风暴,2、环路占用资源    
3、MAC地址表乱,带来了MAC泛红攻击,---当MAC地址表满了以后就不能再学习新的mac,
4、造成MAC地址飘逸,--manc地址一会在这个接口一会在另一个接口,--紊乱,

交换机对帧进行转发,


STP通过选举解决了环路--生成树协议  802.1D标准

做法:

1、选择根桥----路由---就是交换机

2、每个非根桥选择一个根端口。DP --距离根桥交换机距离最小,cost值来衡量---ospf里面用的

3、每一段选择一个指定端口,---距离根桥交换机距离最小
4、选择一个非指定端口,---阻塞掉


通过BPDU包泛红来操作

刚开始所有的交换机都认为自己的根桥,不断发送BPDU包,最后达成共识,选出根桥。

Bridge ID  =  2个字节桥优先级(人为给路由器定的)  +  6个字节桥MAC地址 (背板的MAC地址)

都要比小,适用:路径相等时,

Bridge ID 装在BPDU报文中,BPDU泛红后,所有人达成共识,生成一个Root ID  --根桥

1Gb/s是千兆的  cost值---19  开销值

10Mb/s  10M的  cost值----100

如果路径代价相等就比较 Bridge ID

2.1 每个非根桥选择一个根端口  RP

1、最低的桥ID
2、最低的根路径代价
3、最低发送者桥ID  Bridge ID 
4、最低端口ID


3.1、每一段选择一个指定端口  DP

1、最低的桥ID
2、最低的根路径代价
3、最低发送者桥ID  Bridge ID 
4、最低端口ID

 

CCNP(BCMSN)实验:GLBP多组综合实验(路由器)

CCNP(BCMSN)实验:GLBP多组综合实验(路由器)

CCNP(BCMSN)实验:GLBP多组综合实验(路由器)
目的:为了使pc有良好的上网环境,我们给pc配置了网关冗余,R1和R3有一个挂掉时,不影响它们。

第一步:配置各个路由器使全网互通
第二步:配置R1和R3
R1上的配置

track 100 interface FastEthernet0/0 line-protocol
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no ip redirects
no ip proxy-arp
duplex auto
speed auto
glbp 1 ip 192.168.1.253
glbp 1 priority 105
glbp 1 preempt
glbp 1 weighting track 100 //GLBP的track和vrrp有些不同
glbp 2 ip 192.168.1.254
glbp 2 preempt











R3上的配置

track 100 interface FastEthernet0/0 line-protocol
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0
no ip redirects
no ip proxy-arp
duplex auto
speed auto
glbp 1 ip 192.168.1.253
glbp 1 preempt
glbp 2 ip 192.168.1.254
glbp 2 priority 105
glbp 2 preempt
glbp 2 weighting track 100











第二步:测试

  1. 先测试R1

R1上出现的情况:
R1(config)#int f0/1
R1(config-if)#sh
May 3 11:15:37.491: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 Fwd 1 state Active -> Init
May 3 11:15:37.495: %GLBP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 state Active -> Init
*May 3 11:15:37.495: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 Fwd 1 state Active -> Init
//组1和2同时进入了初始化状态




R1(config-if)#no sh
*May 3 11:15:59.327: %GLBP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 state Speak -> Active
R1(config-if)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#sh


R1(config-if)#no sh

*May 3 11:16:29.335: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 Fwd 1 state Listen -> Active

R3上出现的情况
*May 3 11:15:47.179: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 Fwd 1 state Listen -> Active

*May 3 11:15:47.243: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 Fwd 1 state Listen -> Active
//当R1的接口挂掉时,R3成为了组1和组2的active路由器

Pc4上出现的情况:
pc4#ping 2.2.2.2 re 33333333

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 33333333, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.....!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
Success rate is 97 percent (600/615), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/70/344 ms










  1. 在测试R3
    R3上出现的情况
    R3(config)#int f0/1
    R3(config-if)#sh
    May 3 11:23:38.711: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 Fwd 2 state Active -> Init
    May 3 11:23:38.711: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 Fwd 2 state Active -> Init
    *May 3 11:23:38.715: %GLBP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 state Active -> Init




R3(config-if)#no sh
*May 3 11:24:00.263: %GLBP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 state Speak -> Active

R3(config-if)#int f0/0
R3(config-if)#sh
R3(config-if)#no sh
*May 3 11:24:29.323: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 Fwd 2 state Listen -> Active
R1上出现的情况



*May 3 11:23:46.407: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 Fwd 2 state Listen -> Active

May 3 11:23:48.299: %GLBP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 state Standby -> Active
May 3 11:23:48.299: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 Fwd 2 state Listen -> Active
*May 3 11:24:00.391: %GLBP-6-STATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 state Active -> Speak

May 3 11:24:28.503: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 2 Fwd 2 state Active -> Listen
May 3 11:24:29.439: %GLBP-6-FWDSTATECHANGE: FastEthernet0/1 Grp 1 Fwd 2 state Active -> Listen
Pc5上出现的情况
pc5#ping 2.2.2.2 re 22222222

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 22222222, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!...
..!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!.!.!.!.!.!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
Success rate is 97 percent (579/593), round-trip min/avg/max = 24/67/1080 ms










Over
敬请期待以下文档
CCNP(BCMSN)实验:GLBP多组综合实验(路由器)

CCNP(BCMSN)实验:VRRP多组综合实验(路由器)

CCNP(BCMSN)实验:VRRP多组综合实验(路由器)

CCNP(BCMSN)实验:VRRP多组综合实验(路由器)
第一步:配置R2,R4和R5
R2上的配置:
interface Loopback0
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 12.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
!
interface FastEthernet1/0
ip address 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
!
router rip
version 2
network 2.0.0.0
network 12.0.0.0
network 23.0.0.0
no auto-summary
















R4上的配置:
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.0
ip default-gateway 192.168.1.254


R5上的配置:
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.0
ip default-gateway 192.168.1.253


第二步:配置R1
track 100 interface FastEthernet0/0 line-protocol
//通过track 后面为组号,接着为要追踪的接口

interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 12.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no ip redirects
no ip proxy-arp
//上面两句为关闭重定向,和关闭代理arp






//我们在下面定义了两个组
vrrp 1 ip 192.168.1.254
vrrp 1 priority 105
vrrp 1 track 100
//这里和hsrp不同的是,vrrp要在全局下先定义,然后在这里调用,不然调用不起来
vrrp 2 ip 192.168.1.253
!
router rip
version 2
network 12.0.0.0
network 192.168.1.0
no auto-summary










第三步:配置R3
track 200 interface FastEthernet0/0 line-protocol
!
!
!
!
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 23.0.0.3 255.255.255.0
shutdown
duplex auto
speed auto
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
ip address 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0
no ip redirects
no ip proxy-arp
duplex auto
speed auto
vrrp 1 ip 192.168.1.254
vrrp 2 ip 192.168.1.253
vrrp 2 priority 105
vrrp 2 track 200
!
router rip
version 2
network 23.0.0.0
network 192.168.1.0
no auto-summary



























第四步:调试

当网络正常时:在R1和R3上的case
R1#sh vrrp
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
State is Master
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.254
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 105
Track object 100 state Up decrement 10
Master Router is 192.168.1.1 (local), priority is 105
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.589 sec











FastEthernet0/1 - Group 2
State is Backup
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.253
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0102
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 100
Master Router is 192.168.1.3, priority is 105
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.609 sec (expires in 3.009 sec)








R3#sh vrrp
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
State is Backup
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.254
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 100
Master Router is 192.168.1.1, priority is 105
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.609 sec (expires in 2.689 sec)









FastEthernet0/1 - Group 2
State is Master
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.253
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0102
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 105
Track object 200 state Up decrement 10
Master Router is 192.168.1.3 (local), priority is 105
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.589 sec









第五步:一个一个测试
先从R4来:
R1的外网接口Down 和up
在R1、R3和R4上出现的logging
R1上出现下列logging
R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)#sh
Apr 24 00:06:49.927: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Fa0/1 Grp 1 state Master -> Backup
R1(config-if)#no sh

Apr 24 00:06:57.083: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Fa0/1 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master






R1#sh vrrp
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
State is Backup
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.254
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 95 (cfgd 105) //优先级降到了95
Track object 100 state Down decrement 10
Master Router is 192.168.1.3, priority is 100
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.589 sec (expires in 2.669 sec)










FastEthernet0/1 - Group 2
State is Backup
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.253
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0102
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 100
Master Router is 192.168.1.3, priority is 105
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.609 sec (expires in 3.125 sec)








R3上出现:
#
Apr 24 00:06:29.779: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Fa0/1 Grp 1 state Master -> Backup
Apr 24 00:06:49.635: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Fa0/1 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master
*Apr 24 00:06:56.935: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Fa0/1 Grp 1 state Master -> Backup


R4上出现:
R4-pc4#ping 2.2.2.2 re 33333

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 33333, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!U.U.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
Success rate is 96 percent (188/195), round-trip min/avg/max = 44/85/296 ms
//这里的切换更快,因为hello包为1s一个





在R5上测试,把R3的接口down后up,R5会出现下列所示
R5-pc5# ping 2.2.2.2 re 222222

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 222222, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!U.U.....!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
Success rate is 95 percent (217/227), round-trip min/avg/max = 44/85/1128 ms
R5-pc5#






R3上show vrrp
R3#sh vrrp
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
State is Backup
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.254
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 100
Master Router is 192.168.1.1, priority is 105
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.609 sec (expires in 3.353 sec)










FastEthernet0/1 - Group 2
State is Backup
Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.253
Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0102
Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Preemption enabled
Priority is 95 (cfgd 105)
Track object 200 state Down decrement 10
Master Router is 192.168.1.1, priority is 100
Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
Master Down interval is 3.589 sec (expires in 2.941 sec)









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